Former President Joseph Kabila was named the leader of a newly formed rebel coalition, the Front for the Refoundation of the Nation (FRN), in a press conference held at his residence in Goma. The announcement marks the clearest public indication that Kabila, who was sentenced to death in absentia for treason a year ago, is directly involved in an armed movement.
Background
Kabila ruled the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2001 until January 2019, when Félix Tshisekedi succeeded him after a disputed election. After a period of self‑imposed exile in 2023, Kabila returned to Goma last year and has increasingly criticised Tshisekedi’s administration.
New Coalition Details
The FRN says its purpose is to coordinate "resistance forces" to end "tyranny" in the country, pledging to pursue its goals "by all means, including force." Key points from the announcement include:
- Leadership: Joseph Kabila as the coalition’s head.
- Deputies: M23 leader Sultani Makenga and three other figures from the AFC‑M23 alliance will serve as Kabila’s deputies.
- Public unveiling: The coalition was revealed on a Monday, with video showing Kabila signing documents alongside other leaders.
Political Context
Kabila’s move comes after he accused Tshisekedi’s government of ignoring proposals he made last year, including those aimed at ending the eastern conflict. He also alleged constitutional violations, economic mismanagement, and arbitrary arrests of political opponents and military officers.
Tshisekedi’s second term is set to end in 2028, but he has hinted that elections may be postponed because of ongoing conflict, and he has floated the possibility of seeking a third term if "the people want". The parliament has passed a bill that could enable a referendum to remove the constitutional two‑term limit, sparking protests in the capital.
Regional Implications
The eastern part of the DRC remains a hotspot of violence, with more than 100 militia groups active. The United Nations and Western governments accuse Rwanda of backing the M23 rebels, a claim Rwanda denies while asserting its military presence is defensive.
Uncertainty
While the FRN’s declaration is clear, the actual capacity of the coalition to mount a sustained armed campaign remains uncertain. Analysts note that the involvement of established rebel leaders like Makenga could lend the group operational experience, but the extent of Kabila’s personal influence on the ground is still unclear. Additionally, the reaction of regional actors, especially Rwanda, could shape how the conflict evolves.
What Comes Next?
The emergence of the FRN adds another layer to an already complex security landscape. Observers will watch for any escalation in fighting, shifts in alliances among existing militia groups, and the response of the Congolese government and international partners.